The Pentium is the fifth generation of the x86 line of microprocessors from Intel, the basis for the IBM PC and its clones. There are many stand-alone utility programs available as an alternative to the operating system'sutility programs. The Moore School Building at the University of Pennsylvania. A British government contract spurred its initial development but a change in government led to loss of funding and the second and only other Mark I was sold at a major loss to the University of Toronto, where it was re-christened FERUT. This was the first program in history to run on a digital, electronic, stored-program computer. Performing far better than the company projections of 3,000 units for the first year, in the first month after its release Tandy Radio Shacks first desktop computer the TRS-80 sells 10,000 units. A total of ten Colossi were delivered, each using as many as 2,500 vacuum tubes. Under the auspices of a National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant, biomedical research faculty from around the United States came to a workshop at MIT to build their own LINCs, and then bring them back to their home institutions where they would be used. The PET was popular with schools and for use as a home computer. IBM's brand recognition, along with a massive marketing campaign, ignites the fast growth of the personal computer market with the announcement of its own personal computer (PC). This high performance processor found its place in powerful work stations intended for graphics-intensive programs common in engineering. The success of the VAX family of computers transformed DEC into the second-largest computer company in the world, as VAX systems became the de facto standard computing system for industry, the sciences, engineering, and research. These tables were later confirmed by using more modern computers for the actual flights. It was sold exclusively in Japan, but could process alphabetic and Japanese kana characters. VisiCalc was released in 1979 and quickly became a must-have tool for business users. The most popular operating system for small microcomputers in the late 1970s was CP/M, written by Gary Kildall in about 1974 and marketed by the company he started, Digital Research, Inc. IBM visited Digital Research in August 1980 - some say at the suggestion of Bill Gates - to investigate using "CP/M-86, their upcoming version for . Built as an electro-mechanical means of decrypting Nazi ENIGMA-based military communications during World War II, the British Bombe is conceived of by computer pioneer Alan Turing and Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. With an order for 50 assembled systems from Mountain View, California computer store The Byte Shop in hand, the pair started a new company, naming it Apple Computer, Inc. IBMs initial investment of $5 billion was quickly returned as orders for the system climbed to 1,000 per month within two years. Officially known as the Track Write, the automatically expanding full-sized keyboard used by the ThinkPad 701 is designed by inventor John Karidis. What type of integration strategy is a teacher using when his students videoconference to exchange ideas about water pollution prevention? While larger than the previous G4 towers, the G5 had comparatively limited space for expansion. "Best study app ever! Microcomputer Applications - Quiz 1. HP Netserver LM, one of the first to use Intel's Pentium. Which instructional software function would probably be the most appropriate choice for allowing students to discover rules for genetics? Xerox wasnt interested. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. Once finally completed, it achieved a computational speed of 200 million instructions per second and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of its parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipelining" structure of its 64 processing elements. In 1975, Scelbi introduced the 8B version with 16 KB of memory for the business market. A. Hewlett and Packard in their garage workshop. Operators directed actions by touching a light gun to the SAGE airspace display. The Model 650 was also highly popular in universities, where a generation of students first learned programming. After successfully demonstrating a proof-of-concept prototype in 1939, Professor John Vincent Atanasoff receives funds to build a full-scale machine at Iowa State College (now University). Many companies have attempted to release electronic reading systems dating back to the early 1990s. The Relay Interpolator used 440 relays, and since it was programmable by paper tape, was used for other applications following the war. To protect it from earthquakes, the building housing it was built using a seismic isolation system that used rubber supports. MADDIDA was flown across the country for a demonstration to John von Neumann, who was impressed. What is the general term for software whose source code is made available for free and permits users to use, change, and improve it? Which is an acknowledged benefit of software with drill and practice functions? The Macintosh Portable was heavy, weighing sixteen pounds, and expensive (US$6,500). Most historians believe that the use of Colossus machines significantly shortened the war by providing evidence of enemy intentions and beliefs. It was used to model the decay of the US nuclear arsenal, analyze financial data, and render 3D medical images in real-time. What software was the first available for microcomputers? The keyboard was comprised of three roughly triangular interlocking pieces, which formed a full-sized keyboard when the laptop was opened -- resulting in a keyboard significantly wider than the case. Southwest Technical Products is founded by Daniel Meyer as DEMCO in the 1960s to provide a source for kit versions of projects published in electronics hobbyist magazines. The iPad combines many of the popular capabilities of the iPhone, such as built-in high-definition camera, access to the iTunes Store, and audio-video capabilities, but with a nine-inch screen and without the phone. Some of its other innovations were the inclusion of a magneto-optical (MO) disk drive, a digital signal processor and the NeXTSTEP programming environment (later released as OPENSTEP). Apps, games, and accessories helped spur the popularity of the iPad and led to its adoption in thousands of different applications from movie making, creating art, making music, inventory control and point-of-sale systems, to name but a few. Microcomputer was formerly a commonly used term for personal computers, particularly any of a class of small digital computers whose CPU is contained on a single integrated semiconductor chip. One major advance in programming was Wilkes' use of a library of short programs, called subroutines, stored on punched paper tapes and used for performing common repetitive calculations within a lager program. Advertised as the first 100% IBM PC-compatible computer, the Compaq Portable can run the same software as the IBM PC. The inside of the Amiga case is engraved with the signatures of the Amiga designers, including Jay Miner as well as the paw print of his dog Mitchy. Dropout rates are higher in online courses. Lisa is the first commercial personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). A large amount of software was created for the BBC Micro, including educational, productivity, and game programs. At its introduction, it was listed as the second fastest supercomputer in the world and this single system increased NASA's supercomputing capacity 10-fold. any combo of hardware or software designed to provide services to us. Its base price was $6,500. The Manchester Mark I used more than 1,300 vacuum tubes and occupied an area the size of a medium room. Millions of Apple IIs were sold between 1977 and 1993, making it one of the longest-lived lines of personal computers. The Micral N was the first in the series and was produced by the company R2E. Each credit card-sized Arduino board consisted of an inexpensive microcontroller and signal connectors which made Arduinos ideal for use in any application connecting to or monitoring the outside world. Northrop was initially reluctant to make MADDIDA a commercial product, but by the end of 1952, six had sold. The RISC PC was used widely in UK broadcast television and in music production. Astronauts communicated with the computer by punching two-digit codes into the display and keyboard unit (DSKY). The result was the Relay Interpolator, later called the Bell Labs Model II. Paragon systems were used in many scientific areas, including atmospheric and oceanic flow studies, and energy research. It was the world's first commercial 16-bit minicomputer and 172 systems were sold. Japan's SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. It was the fastest computer in the world from November 2009 to June 2010. The Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) project, led by IBM engineer Wallace Eckert, uses both relays and vacuum tubes to process scientific data at the rate of 50 14 x 14 digit multiplications per second. "We are trying to build a machine to do all kinds of different things simply by programming rather than by the addition of extra apparatus," Turing said at a symposium on large-scale digital calculating machinery in 1947 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. True/False False Mac OS X (now macOS) runs the same kernel used in its predecessor, Mac OS 9. A year later, it steered Apollo 11 to the lunar surface. The machine was noted for its ease-of-use and included a 'manual' that contained only a few pictures and less than 20 words. The success of the Portable inspired many other early IBM-compatible computers. Which two kinds of software are designed primarily for use by individuals rather than by groups of students? Designer Thi Truong developed the computer while Philippe Kahn wrote the software. Apples inspiration for the Lisa and Macintosh computers came from the Xerox Alto. A computer could write it with a laser instead. The first IBM system to include Intels 80386 chip, the company ships more than 1 million units by the end of the first year. At 4 million operations per second and 4 kilobytes of memory, the 80386 gave PCs as much speed and power as older mainframes and minicomputers. Palm could be connected to a PC or Mac using a serial port to synchronize sync both computer and Palm. The British Broadcasting Corporations Computer Literacy Project hoped to introduce interested adults to the world of computers. Acorn produces a popular computer, the BBC Microcomputer System, so viewers at home could follow along on their own home computers as they watched the program. The system cost more than $100 million to create and ran a variation of the Linux operating system with up to 10 petabytes of storage. While it did not sell well, the operating system, Be OS, retained a loyal following even after Be stopped producing hardware in 1997 after less than 2,000 machines were produced. Apple enters the handheld computer market with the Newton. T/F True You can save money on your data plan by using this type of connection whenever possible for connecting to the Internet. Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. Headquartered in Maynard, Massachusetts, Digital Equipment Corporation, took over 8,680 square foot leased space in a nineteenth century mill that once produced blankets and uniforms for soldiers who fought in the Civil War. The machine used up to 65,536 one-bit processors and could complete several billion operations per second. Which of the following is not a benefit offered by simulations? Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins. It featured a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, a modem, and two 5.25-inch floppy disk drives. Despite using 98,304 PowerPC chips, Sequoia's relatively low power usage made it unusually efficient. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in New York City) using a Teletype terminal connected to New York over special telephone lines. His daughter named the new machine after the star Altair. It was thus an important milestone in computing as soon Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh would soon adopt the GUI as their user interface, making it the new paradigm for personal computing. One of Britain's leading computer companies, Acorn continued the Archimedes line, which grew to nearly twenty different models, into the 1990s. The IBM PC was widely copied (cloned) and led to the creation of a vast ecosystem of software, peripherals, and other commodities for use with the platform. The first offering to the public required the buyer to purchase one to be given to a child in the developing world as a condition of acquiring a machine for themselves. After retiring their initial Visor series of PDAs, Handspring introduced the Treo line of smartphones, designed with built-in keyboards, cameras, and the Palm operating system. Marketed as a fast, extremely accurate electronic slide rule with a solid-state memory similar to that of a computer, the HP-35 distinguished itself from its competitors by its ability to perform a broad variety of logarithmic and trigonometric functions, to store more intermediate solutions for later use, and to accept and display entries in a form similar to standard scientific notation. This is a list of early microcomputers sold to hobbyists and developers. Which kind of software tool would a teacher choose in order to develop a test item bank? DSKY interface for the Apollo Guidance Computer. The first advertisement for a microprocessor, the Intel 4004, appears in Electronic News. The basic computer cost $28,500. Designed by Don Lancaster, the TV Typewriter is an easy-to-build kit that can display alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. False What is a prominent research finding regarding students who engage in computer programming activities? Intel released the 80486 microprocessor and the i860 RISC/coprocessor chip, each of which contained more than 1 million transistors. Later revisions used the Z80 processor, which is the model pictured above that [The Byte . Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. The ABC was at the center of a patent dispute related to the invention of the computer, which was resolved in 1973 when it was shown that ENIAC co-designer John Mauchly had seen the ABC shortly after it became functional. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. Under the leadership of MIT's Gordon Brown and Jay Forrester, the team first built a small analog simulator, but found it inaccurate and inflexible. VTech, founded in Hong Kong, had been a manufacturer of Pong-like games and educational toys when they introduce the Laser 128 computer. It interfaced with a wide number of standard laboratory instruments, allowing customers to computerize their instrument systems. Many credit the PS/2 for making the 3.5-inch floppy disk drive and video graphics array (VGA) standard for IBM computers. Hundreds of allied bombes were built in order to determine the daily rotor start positions of Enigma cipher machines, which in turn allowed the Allies to decrypt German messages. Spectra systems were marketed on the basis of their compatibility with the IBM System/360 series of computer since it implemented the IBM 360 instruction set and could run most IBM software with little or no modification. Among the lecturers were early computer designers like John von Neumann, Howard Aiken, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, as well as mathematicians including Derrick Lehmer, George Stibitz, and Douglas Hartree. The electronic circuits (registers) of the arithmetic- logic unit perform both the arithmetic and logic functions needed for the software instructions to be executed. Intel introduced the 8086 in June 1978. high interaction between students and the teacher. Physicist Stan Frankel, intrigued by small, general-purpose computers, developed the MINAC at Caltech. The design packed 800 vacuum tubes into a relatively compact 12 square feet. The PROMs contained a disk operating system, allowing. Store the results for future use Hardware the electronical and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer. Answer (1 of 14): There's a good argument that written mathematics or music is probably the first, a pre-specified structured set of instructions intended to transport and replicate a process. It was based on a graphical user interface using windows, icons, and a mouse, and worked together with other Altos over a local area network. Federico Faggin led the design and Ted Hoff led the architecture. Lisa itself, and especially its GUI, were inspired by earlier work at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. The chip quickly became popular with designers of early personal computers like the Apple II and Commodore PET, as well as game consoles like the Nintendo Entertainment System. High packaging density of integrated circuits and a novel Freon cooling system also contributed to its speed. In all, about 200 of the boards were sold before Apple announced the follow-on Apple II a year later as a ready-to-use computer for consumers, a model which sold in the millions for nearly two decades. The 2200 used a built-in CRT, cassette tape for storage, and ran the programming language BASIC. An early transistorized computer, the NEAC (Nippon Electric Automatic Computer) includes a CPU, console, paper tape reader and punch, printer and magnetic tape units. Running on dual IBM 7090 mainframe computer systems, SABRE was inspired by IBMs earlier work on the SAGE air-defense system. IBM establishes the 650 as its first mass-produced computer, with the company selling 450 in just one year. The IAS computer was designed for scientific calculations and it performed essential work for the US atomic weapons program. Of the following, which is one of the controversies surrounding use of word processing in schools? Arduino soon became the main computer platform of the worldwide Maker movement. (C) The Regent Corporation's microcomputer can be used in conjunction with higher-priced microcomputers manufactured by other companies. Which software tool would be helpful for preparing a newsletter? true. The Alpha processor designs were eventually acquired by Compaq, which, along with Intel, phased out the Alpha architecture in favor of the HP/Itanium microprocessor. Scientific and defense applications included studies of human electrophysiology, nuclear weapon simulation, human genome mapping, and global climate change. Tailored for online transaction processing, the Tandem-16 is one of the first commercial fault-tolerant computers. Because of its speed, small size, and reasonable cost, the PDP-8 was sold by the thousands to manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories around the world. The legal result was a landmark: Atanasoff was declared the originator of several basic computer ideas, but the computer as a concept was declared un-patentable and thus freely open to all. Produce results (output) 4. Kilburn (left) and Williams in front of 'Baby'. The popularity of 16-bit computers, such as the Hewlett-Packard 21xx series and the Data General Nova, led the way toward word lengths that were multiples of the 8-bit byte. The Programma 101 could do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as calculate square roots. . Since the release of the Macintosh in 1984, Apple has placed emphasis on high-resolution graphics and display technologies. The Amiga sold for $1,295 (without monitor) and had audio and video capabilities beyond those found in most other personal computers. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Palo Alto, California garage. . Its task was to detect incoming Soviet bombers and direct interceptor aircraft to destroy them. Each Cray-1 took a full year to assemble and test and cost about $10 million. (D) Most of those individuals and companies that could be expected to make up the potential market for the Regent microcomputer have already filled their microcomputer needs. Once limited to surfing the Web, browsers are becoming the universal software platform on which end users launch into information searches, E-mail, multimedia file transfer, discussion groups, and many other Internet, intranet, and extranet applications. 0.5 out of 0.5 points. Until the year 2000, it was the world's fastest supercomputer, able to achieve peak performance of 1.3 teraflops, (about 1.3 trillion calculations per second). Answers: Convert data into an electronic machine-readable form for direct entry into a computer system. Motorola went on to create the 68000 series, which became the basis for the Apple Macintosh line of computers. Introduced at the Altair Convention in Albuquerque in March 1976, the visual display module enabled the use of personal computers for interactive games. While Sun workstations didn't utilize commodity PC hardware like Linux was later developed for, it represented the . Which of the following is one strategy often used in online courses to ensure academic integrity? A driver education teacher might use this kind of software to let students "practice" driving before actually getting in a car.
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